Man, W. & Bifano, T. Electromagnetic deformable mirror fabricated using silicon micromachining and stress-resilient assembly. Advanced Optical Technologies 14 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2025.1511907
Ewoldt, J. K., DePalma, S. J., Jewett, M. E., Karakan, M. Ç., Lin, Y.-M., Mir Hashemian, P., Gao, X., Lou, L., McLellan, M. A., Tabares, J., Ma, M., Salazar Coariti, A. C., He, J., Toussaint, K. C., Bifano, T. G., Ramaswamy, S., White, A. E., Agarwal, A., Lejeune, E., Baker, B. M. & Chen, C. S. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte in vitro models: benchmarking progress and ongoing challenges. Nature Methods 22, 24-40 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02480-7
Lou, L., Bacca, N., Ma, M. S., Nautiyal, P., Bifano, T. G. & Agarwal, A. Multiscale mechanics of polydimethylsiloxane: A comparison of meso- and micro-cyclic deformation behavior. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141, e55546 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55546
Wu, K., Zhu, X., Bifano, T. G., Anderson, S. W. & Zhang, X. Computational-Design Enabled Wearable and Tunable Metamaterials via Freeform Auxetics for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Adv. Sci. 26/2024). Advanced Science 11, 2470152 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202470152
Ma, M. S., Sundaram, S., Lou, L., Agarwal, A., Chen, C. S. & Bifano, T. G. High throughput screening system for engineered cardiac tissues. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 11 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1177688
Li, H., Sundaram, S., Hu, R., Lou, L., Sanchez, F., McDonald, W., Agarwal, A., Chen, C. S. & Bifano, T. G. Dynamic Control of Contractile Force in Engineered Heart Tissue. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 70, 2237-2245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2023.3239594
Haber, A. & Bifano, T. Dual-update data-driven control of deformable mirrors using Walsh basis functions. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 39, 459-469 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.447879
Wu, K., Zhao, X., Bifano, T. G., Anderson, S. W. & Zhang, X. Auxetics-Inspired Tunable Metamaterials for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Advanced Materials 34, 2109032 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202109032
Sinefeld, D., Xia, F., Wang, M., Wang, T., Wu, C., Yang, X., Paudel, H. P., Ouzounov, D. G., Bifano, T. G. & Xu, C. Three-Photon Adaptive Optics for Mouse Brain Imaging. Front Neurosci 16, 880859 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.880859
Rodríguez, C., Chen, A., Rivera, J. A., Mohr, M. A., Liang, Y., Natan, R. G., Sun, W., Milkie, D. E., Bifano, T. G., Chen, X. & Ji, N. An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo. Nature Methods 18, 1259-1264 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01279-0
Haber, A. & Bifano, T. General approach to precise deformable mirror control. Optics Express 29, 33741-33759 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.439306
Chen, C., Huang, Y., Wu, K., Bifano, T. G., Anderson, S. W., Zhao, X. & Zhang, X. Polarization insensitive, metamaterial absorber-enhanced long-wave infrared detector. Optics Express 28, 28843-28857 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.403105
Zhao, X., Wu, K., Chen, C., Bifano, T. G., Anderson, S. W. & Zhang, X. Nonreciprocal Magnetic Coupling Using Nonlinear Meta-Atoms. Advanced Science 7, 2001443 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001443
Lin, P., Ni, H., Li, H., Vickers, N. A., Tan, Y., Gong, R., Bifano, T. & Cheng, J.-X. Volumetric chemical imaging in vivo by a remote-focusing stimulated Raman scattering microscope. Optics Express 28, 30210-30221 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.404869
Beaulieu, D. R., Davison, I. G., Kılıç, K., Bifano, T. G. & Mertz, J. Simultaneous multiplane imaging with reverberation two-photon microscopy. Nature Methods 17, 283–286 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0728-9
Pollock, C., Barrett, L. K., del Corro, P. G., Stange, A., Bifano, T. G. & Bishop, D. J. PWM as a Low Cost Method for the Analog Control of MEMS Devices. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 28, 245-253 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/Jmems.2019.2891205
Shain, W. J., Vickers, N. A., Li, J., Han, X., Bifano, T. & Mertz, J. Axial localization with modulated-illumination extended-depth-of-field microscopy. Biomedical Optics Express 9, 1771-1782 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.001771
Ba, C., Shain, W. J., Bifano, T. G. & Mertz, J. High-throughput label-free flow cytometry based on matched-filter compressive imaging. Biomedical Optics Express 9, 6145-6153 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/Boe.9.006145
Shain, W. J., Vickers, N. A., Negash, A., Bifano, T., Sentenac, A. & Mertz, J. Dual fluorescence-absorption deconvolution applied to extended-depth-of-field microscopy. Optics Letters 42, 4183-4186 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/Ol.42.004183
Li, J., Bifano, T. G. & Mertz, J. Widefield fluorescence microscopy with sensor-based conjugate adaptive optics using oblique back illumination. Journal of Biomedical Optics 21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.Jbo.21.12.121504
Imboden, M., Chang, J., Pollock, C., Lowell, E., Akbulut, M., Morrison, J., Stark, T., Bifano, T. G. & Bishop, D. J. High-Speed Control of Electromechanical Transduction: Advanced Drive Techniques for Optimized Step-and-Settle Response of MEMS Micromirrors. IEEE Control Systems 36, 48-76 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2016.2584338
Sinefeld, D., Paudel, H. P., Ouzounov, D. G., Bifano, T. G. & Xu, C. Adaptive optics in multiphoton microscopy: comparison of two, three and four photon fluorescence. Optics Express 23, 31472-31483 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.031472
Paudel, H. P., Taranto, J., Mertz, J. & Bifano, T. Axial range of conjugate adaptive optics in two-photon microscopy. Optics Express 23, 20849-20857 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/Oe.23.020849
Mertz, J., Paudel, H. & Bifano, T. G. Field of view advantage of conjugate adaptive optics in microscopy applications. Applied Optics 54, 3498-3506 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.003498
Li, J., Beaulieu, D. R., Paudel, H., Barankov, R., Bifano, T. G. & Mertz, J. Conjugate adaptive optics in widefield microscopy with an extended-source wavefront sensor. Optica 2, 682-688 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/Optica.2.000682
Vigil, K., Lu, Y., Yurt, A., Abanoz Cilingiroglu, T., Bifano, T., ünlü, M. S. & Goldberg, B. Integrated Circuit Super-Resolution Failure Analysis with Solid Immersion Lenses. Electronic Device Failure Analysis 16, 26-32 (2014). https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2014-2.p026
Lu, Y., Bifano, T., Unlu, S. & Goldberg, B. Aberration compensation in aplanatic solid immersion lens microscopy. Optics Express 21, 28189-28197 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/Oe.21.028189
Paudel, H. P., Stockbridge, C., Mertz, J. & Bifano, T. Focusing polychromatic light through strongly scattering media. Optics Express 21, 17299-17308 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.017299
Tripathi, S., Paxman, R., Bifano, T. & Toussaint, K. C. Vector transmission matrix for the polarization behavior of light propagation in highly scattering media. Optics Express 20, 16067-16076 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/Oe.20.016067
Lu, Y., Stockbridge, C. R., Hoffman, S. M. & Bifano, T. G. Variable zoom system with aberration correction capability. Journal of Modern Optics 59, 1049-1055 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2012.681708
Goldberg, B. B., Yurt, A., Lu, Y., Ramsay, E., Koklu, F. H., Mertz, J., Bifano, T. G. & Unlu, M. S. Chromatic and spherical aberration correction for silicon aplanatic solid immersion lens for fault isolation and photon emission microscopy of integrated circuits. Microelectronics Reliability 51, 1637-1639 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2011.07.047
Bifano, T. Adaptive imaging: MEMS deformable mirrors. Nature Photonics 5, 21-23 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.297
Diouf, A., Stewart, J. B., Cornelissen, S. A. & Bifano, T. G. Development of through-Wafer Interconnects for Mems Deformable Mirrors. International Journal of Optomechatronics 4, 237-245 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/15599612.2010.510589
Vogel, C., Tyler, G., Lu, Y., Bifano, T., Conan, R. & Blain, C. Modeling and parameter estimation for point-actuated continuous-facesheet deformable mirrors. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 27, A56-A63 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.27.000A56
Diouf, A., Legendre, A. P., Stewart, J. B., Bifano, T. G. & Lu, Y. Open-loop shape control for continuous microelectromechanical system deformable mirror. Applied Optics 49, G148-G154 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/Ao.49.00g148
Cornelissen, S. A., Bierden, P. A., Bifano, T. G. & Lam, C. V. 4096-element continuous face-sheet MEMS deformable mirror for high-contrast imaging. Journal of Micro-Nanolithography Mems and Moems 8 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3158067
Diouf, A., Reimann, G. & Bifano, T. Fabrication of implantable microshunt using a novel channel sealing technique. Journal of Micro-Nanolithography Mems and Moems 7 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2955935
Stewart, J. B., Diouf, A., Zhou, Y. & Bifano, T. G. Open-loop control of a MEMS deformable mirror for large-amplitude wavefront control. Journal of the Optical Society of America a-Optics Image Science and Vision 24, 3827-3833 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.24.003827
Stewart, J. B., Bifano, T. G., Cornelissen, S., Bierden, P., Levine, B. M. & Cook, T. Design and development of a 331-segment tip–tilt–piston mirror array for space-based adaptive optics. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 138, 230-238 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2007.04.051
Biss, D. P., Sumorok, D., Burns, S. A., Webb, R. H., Zhou, Y., Bifano, T. G., Cote, D., Veilleux, I., Zamiri, P. & Lin, C. P. In vivo fluorescent imaging of the mouse retina using adaptive optics. Optics Letters 32, 659-661 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.000659
Chen, F. Y., Cohen, H. I., Bifano, T. G., Castle, J., Fortin, J., Kapusta, C., Mountain, D. C., Zosuls, A. & Hubbard, A. E. A hydromechanical biomimetic cochlea: Experiments and models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, 394-405 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2141296
Miller, M., Perrault, J., Parker, G., Bettig, B. & Bifano, T. Simple models for piston-type micromirror behavior. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 16, 303-313 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/2/015
Santiago, L. P. & Bifano, T. G. Management of R&D projects under uncertainty: A multidimensional approach to managerial flexibility. Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management 52, 269-280 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2005.844465
Collier, J., Wroblewski, D. & Bifano, T. Development of a rapid-response flow-control system using MEMS microvalve arrays. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 13, 912-922 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2004.838392
Webb, R., Albanese, M., Zhou, Y., Bifano, T. & Burns, S. Stroke amplifier for deformable mirrors. Applied Optics 43, 5330-5333 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.43.005330
Lee, H., Miller, M. & Bifano, T. CMOS chip planarization by chemical mechanical polishing for a vertically stacked metal MEMS integration. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 14, 108-115 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/14/1/015
Bifano, T. G., Johnson, H. T., Bierden, P. & Mali, R. K. Elimination of stress-induced curvature in thin-film structures. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 11, 592-597 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/Jmems.2002.802908
Horenstein, M. N., Pappas, S., Fishov, A. & Bifano, T. G. Electrostatic micromirrors for subaperturing in an adaptive optics system. Journal of Electrostatics 54, 321-332 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00159-0
Weyrauch, T., Vorontsov, M. A., Bifano, T. G., Hammer, J. A., Cohen, M. & Cauwenberghs, G. Microscale adaptive optics: wave-front control with a mu-mirror array and a VLSI stochastic gradient descent controller. Applied Optics 40, 4243-4253 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1364/Ao.40.004243
Shanbhag, P., Feinberg, M., Sandri, G., Horenstein, M. & Bifano, T. Ion-beam machining of millimeter scale optics. Applied Optics 39, 599-611 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.000599
Horenstein, M. N., Perreault, J. A. & Bifano, T. G. Differential capacitive position sensor for planar MEMS structures with vertical motion. Sensors and Actuators A - Physical 80, 53-61 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(99)00251-4
Mali, R. K., Bifano, T. & Koester, D. A design-based approach to planarization in multilayer surface micromachining. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 9, 294-299 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/9/4/302
Horenstein, M., Bifano, T., Pappas, S., Perreault, J. & Krishnamoorthy-Mali, R. Real time optical correction using electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. Journal of Electrostatics 46, 91-101 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(99)00015-7
Bifano, T. G., Perreault, J., Mali, R. K. & Horenstein, M. N. Microelectromechanical deformable mirrors. Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5, 83-89 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.748109
Bifano, T., Krishnamoorthy, R., Fawcett, H. & Welch, E. Fixed-Load Electrolytic Dressing With Bronze Bonded Grinding Wheels. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, 20-27 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2830570
Vandelli, N., Wroblewski, D., Velonis, M. & Bifano, T. Development of a MEMS microvalve array for fluid flow control. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 7, 395-403 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1109/84.735347
Bifano, T. G., Mali, R. K., Dorton, J. K., Perreault, J., Vandelli, N., Horenstein, M. N. & Castanon, D. A. Continuous-membrane surface-micromachined silicon deformable mirror. Optical Engineering 36, 1354-1360 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.601598
Bifano, T. G., Fawcett, H. E. & Bierden, P. A. Precision manufacture of optical disc master stampers. Precision Engineering-Journal of the American Society for Precision Engineering 20, 53-62 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-6359(97)89592-X
Bifano, T. G. & Bierden, P. A. Fixed-abrasive grinding of brittle hard-disk substrates. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 37, 935-946 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(96)00089-2
Horenstein, M. N., Bifano, T. G., Mali, R. K. & Vandelli, N. Electrostatic effects in micromachined actuators for adaptive optics. Journal of Electrostatics 42, 69-81 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(97)00138-1
Mali, R. K., Bifano, T. G., Vandelli, N. & Horenstein, M. N. Development of microelectromechanical deformable mirrors for phase modulation of light. Optical Engineering 36, 542-548 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.601599
Scagnetti, P. A., Nagem, R. J., Sandri, G. V. H. & Bifano, T. G. Stress and Strain Analysis in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solids. Journal of Applied Mechanics 63, 450-452 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2788888
Drueding, T. W., Bifano, T. G. & Fawcett, S. C. Contouring Algorithm for Ion Figuring. Precision Engineering-Journal of the American Society for Precision Engineering 17, 10-21 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(94)00002-H
Drueding, T. W., Fawcett, S. C., Wilson, S. R. & Bifano, T. G. Ion beam figuring of small optical components. Optical Engineering 34, 3565-3571 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.215648
Bifano, T., Yi, Y. & Kahl, W. K. Fixed Abrasive Grinding of Cvd Sic Mirrors. Precision Engineering-Journal of the American Society for Precision Engineering 16, 109-116 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(94)90195-3
Fawcett, S. C., Drueding, T. W. & Bifano, T. G. Neutral Ion Figuring of Chemical-Vapor-Deposited Sic. Optical Engineering 33, 967-974 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.157687
Bifano, T. G., Annear, R. & Golini, D. Chemomechanical Effects in Ductile-Regime Machining of Glass. Principles of Cutting Mechanics: Applications to Ultra-Precision Machining and Grinding , 71-78 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(93)90106-K
Bifano, T. G. & Hosler, J. B. Precision Grinding of Ultra-Thin Quartz Wafers. Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, 258-262 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2901658
Bifano, T. G. & Yi, Y. Acoustic emission as an indicator of material-removal regime in glass micro-machining. Precision Engineering 14, 219-228 (1992).https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(92)90019-S
Scattergood, R. O., Srinivasan, S., Bifano, T.G., Dow, T.A. Effetti di curva-R nella rettifica ed usura dei ceramici (R-cruve effects for machining and wear of ceramics). Ceramica Acta 3, 53-64 (1991 ). https://bifanolab.website/files/R_Curve_1991.pdf
Bifano, T. G. & Fawcett, S. C. Specific Grinding Energy as an in-Process Control Variable for Ductile-Regime Grinding. Precision Engineering-Journal of the American Society for Precision Engineering 13, 256-262 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(91)90003-2
Bifano, T. G., Dow, T. A. & Scattergood, R. O. Ductile-Regime Grinding: A New Technology for Machining Brittle Materials. Journal of Engineering for Industry 113, 184-189 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2899676
Blake, P., Bifano, T., Dow, T. & Scattergood, R. O. Precision Machining of Ceramic Materials. American Ceramic Society Bulletin 67, 1038-& (1988). https://bifanolab.website/files/precision_machining.pdf
Bifano, T. G. & Dow, T. A. Real-Time Control of Spindle Runout. Optical Engineering 24, 888-892 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.7973594
Patents and Awards
2022 U.S. Patent (#11,226,474) Reverberation microscopy systems and methods
2020 U.S. Patent (#10,678,037) Reverberation microscopy systems and methods
2019 U.S. Patent (#10,175,476) Solid immersion microscopy system with deformable mirror
2018 U.S.Patent (#10,018,817) Adaptive optics for imaging through highly scattering media
2011 U.S. Patent (#7,929,195) MEMS Based Retroreflector
2010 R&D 100 Award: (MEMS)-based Adaptive-Optics Optical Coherence Tomography
2009 Bepi Colombo Prize, for achievements in research, innovation, and tech. transfer
2007 R&D 100 Award: Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (MAOSLO)
2005 U.S. Patent (#6,929,721) Ion beam modification of residual stress gradients in thin films
2004 U.S. Patent (#6,705,345) Micro valve arrays for fluid flow control
2003 R&D 100 Award: MEMS-based adaptive optics phoropter (MAOP)
2003 U.S. Patent (#6,529,311) MEMS-based spatial-light modulator
1998 U.S. Patent (#5,783,371) Process for manufacturing optical data storage disk
1997 U.S. Patent (#5,503,963) A new method for manufacturing optical disc stampers